Psychological Research on Depression Experiment Case Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1251 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? This course paper will delve into a case study involving a woman who was selected from an experiment involving depression after showing a higher positive outcome from said experiment. The Individual used in this case study was a White British woman in her 50s named Theresa. She signed up for a computerized positive mental imagery training program that was being tested to see if it had any positive impact on an individuals depression. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychological Research on Depression: Experiment Case Study" essay for you Create order This individual has been described as having major depression for at least two years one specialist claimed, but she acknowledged that she has had recurrent depression for years dating back to her early 20s. Per the case study, the diagnostic interview revealed she suffered from various comorbidities such as; travel phobias, social phobias, general anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. All of which has been considered to contribute to her major depression diagnosis. She often feared as coming across as stupid in conversations with her peers, as well worrying often about her life such as her health, her job/debt and her daughters lives as well. She has also acknowledged that she drinks more than she should and has recently been taking less hours at work (in part to help take care of her mother with Alzheimers disease). She has tried medicines in the past but often rejected it saying medicine would not solve the problem. The diagnostic interview revealed key events told by Theresa that we can certainly say had some impact on her well-being now. We will use her symptoms as well as her past to interpret and analyze how other schools of thought would explain the etiology or the origins of her mental illness. The schools of thought that will be covered are psychodynamic, which is one of the earliest approaches to understanding the mind, and made famous by Sigmund Freud who fabricated theories which formed the psychodynamic path to psychology. Studying the role the unconscious plays on the mind, behavior and personality. Behavioral, initially studied by Ian Pavlov and soon after by John Watson; refers the study of behaviors that are learned through everyday life, and interactions with the world. And finally, biological, which can be dated back to Charles Darwin who believed in natural selection and based his theories on it. The biological school of thought specifically studies our genetics and evolution t o see what role they may play on our behavior, thoughts and feelings. We will first cover the psychodynamic school of thought. This school of thought is based primarily on the unconscious mind and how it affects personality. Some basics to cover are that the psychodynamic school of thought is based on the assumption that our past experiences have a strong influence on our behavior, feelings and even decisions, while hiding deep in the unconscious. Many who followed this theory believed early on that our personality can be affected and manipulated based on an individuals history, and that is something that can be said about Theresa. From a young age, she has had anxiety in social settings and was even physically assaulted at work leading to her post traumatic stress disorder. These disorders still affect her and from a psychodynamic view they would say that those past experiences lead her to a more isolated lifestyle. Shes afraid to be in conversations fearing a negative opinion of her from her peers. She also admitted that she had previous administrati ve jobs but recently started taking less hours at work. She admitted of an early social phobia that originated in her teens. Having less interaction with peers her age could possibly be the reason she choose to stay out of conversations and taking less hours at work later on in her life. Those negative feelings and thoughts possibly stayed in her unconscious and influenced how she behaves socially as an adult. As for the drinking, although she didnt admit to having a family history of alcohol dependence, she admitted she does drink more than she should, and it could be possible that she grew up around familys members who may have drank excessively; storing that information in the unconscious and later brining that trait out when she grew up whether she realized it or not. The behavioral school of thought has a slightly different interpretation as to why she may act and have the type of personality that she does. John Watson believed that we have to stop studying the mind in a way that we dont fully understand, he believed that our actions, feelings and behaviors can be directly linked our environment and the triggers that have an impact on individuals. Per the textbook, This approach emphasizes environmental effects on observable behavior. From a behavioral view, Theresas current lifestyle and behaviors have been determined by her reaction to her environment. Past positive experiences could led to possible positive future scenarios, but since shes had anxiety and various other disorders, its fair to say her past has been more negative than positive. For example, she mentioned that she was previously assaulted at work, leading to her post traumatic stress disorder and later admitted that she has been taking less hours at work. This decision of hers may have been influenced from that experience, fearing another assault she choose less hours at work. The same can be said about her social interactions with workers, since she had social anxiety early on, those past experiences could have led her to fear conversations with others, as well as living alone with her mother. As for her travel phobia, which includes public transportation as well as driving her own car, she may have been previously in an accident or may have seen one that could have led to her behavior and fear of traveling. Finally, Theresa admitted that she worries about her daughters lives substantially, and that they dont live close which doesnt help. Her daughters living far away could increase her concern for them, possibly making her think that theres not much she can do to help. The last school of thought that we will analyze is biological. Per Psychological Science (sixth edition), Almost all biological and psychological activity is affected by the actions of multiple genes In addition, scientists are beginning to understand the relationship between situations, genes, and behaviors. The biological school of thought relies heavily on evolution and how our genes and traits play a role on our behavior and feelings. For example, today our society has an abundance of food, some healthy and some not. A lot of individuals eat junk food, and per the textbook, it may be hard to stop eating such food. That may be in part explained by the fact that thousands of years ago we didnt have access to such vast amounts of sugars and types of junk foods. It was more of a survival aspect to earlier humans since it was harder to come by; and those traits seemed to be passed down influencing our cravings for that type of food today. As for Theresas phobia of traveling, that cou ld be explained by our need to survive, she may fear getting into an accident and our survival instinct may be affecting her behavior and feelings towards moving at such a fast speed. Moving on to her constant concern of her daughters lives and her own health, this may be influenced by our desire to reproduce and safe guard our offspring, hoping to spread our genes to more generations, survival of the fittest as Charles Darwin would say.

Nutrition Is The Most Important Factor, Which Affects The...

Malnutrition in the World Nutrition is perhaps the most important factor, which affects the health of a person. The body needs a balanced amount of nutrients and energy for its survival and is essential for good health. A balanced diet is necessary and it takes into account six different food components, which are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fibers and water. The needs may depend on your gender, your age, your life type, you health conditions and so on. Intakes of energy and nutrients below or in excess of needs for a prolonged period can adversely affect health. Malnutrition is a term that covers problems of both under nutrition and over nutrition. The word hunger can mean the painful sensation caused by the want of food, the want or scarcity of food in a country or a strong desire or craving. In relation to the term World Hunger, the word refers to the want or scarcity of food in a country. In areas of the world, including the United States, where hunger is an issue, malnourishment be comes a very serious concern. There are two main types of malnutrition, Protein- energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiency. While both types of malnutrition are dangerous, PEM is the most important and most notable form of the disease and is eminently fatal. Quite a few trace elements or micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are important for health. Iron, Vitamin A, Iodine, and Zinc are some of the nutrients people that are malnourished need. The UnitedShow MoreRelatedHow Does Nutrition And Exercise Affect Immunity?1362 Words   |  6 PagesHow Does Nutrition and Exercise Affect Immunity? Page 1 Rebecca Massone Health 101-014 Nutrition is defined as the process of providing or obtaining the food essential for wellbeing and development. 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Eating Disorder Outline - 951 Words

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Auditing and Assurance Services A Systematic Approach

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance Services for A Systematic Approach. Answer: Introduction: Auditing is the verification of the accounts and the report prepared by the auditors forms an integral part of the financial statement being audited. Qualified and unqualified audit report is two types of the audit report prepared by the auditors. Qualified audit reports comes with the limitation in the scope of the work performed by auditors. The unqualified report on the other hand propose that the business has presented its financial statements in a fairly manner in all the material aspects (Arens, 2016). In the given case, the unqualified audit report of the Impulse Pty limited for the year 2012 ending 30th June was presented by the King and queen. The company witnessed a drop in the inventory and asset turnover accompanied with lack of liquid assets. King and queen was well acquainted with the facts but no additional action was taken by the audit firms in valuing the assets. EFL granted the loan to the Impulse Pty limited based on the audit report prepared by the King and queen. EFL was unable to recover the amount of loan which was mainly attributable to the negligence of the auditors (Beasley et al., 2012). The cases which are specific to the relevance relating to the answer above is given below: The case is about the auditing done by the KPMG and the case was Law Society vs. KPMG Peat Marwick and Others; CHD 3 NOV, 1999. The compensation fund of the society relies on the decision of the auditors, which the auditing firm was very well acquainted with. Due to the negligence on the part of the auditors, the society was not able to discover the malpractices. In this regard, the auditors was held liable for neglecting the professional responsibility (Eilifsen et al., 2013). Another case can be considered of the Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465. The procedure and the good conduct of the audit of the company was impacted by auditors negligence. The judgment was passed by the court that the report presented by the auditors has an impact on the decision taken by the firm being audited. The answer to this question would depend on the consent of the audited party. As per the principle of confidentiality, no disclosure about the confidentiality of the firms being audited should be made by the auditors. In some special case, the disclosure can be made by the auditors on the special instruction given by the company being audited (Glover et al., 2014). If the Impulse Pty Limited has asked the King and queen to disclose the information about its financial health, and if they did not disclose the information, then they would be held liable to EFL. On the other hand, if the Impulse Pty Limited has instructed the King and queen not to disclose the information as disclosure of the internal information are against the GAAP principles. In this case, King and Queen cannot be held liable to EFL. Actual independence: The actual independence mainly concerns with the state of mind of the auditors and the way auditors deal with the particular situation. Another name of the actual independence is the real independence. It is the capability of the auditors to make the independent decisions on the audit report of the company despite the fact that they have been placed in the compromising situation by the directors of the company (Louwers et al., 2013). The goal of independence of the auditors is achieved by the actual independence. The credibility and the reliability of the financial statements are validated and assured by the actual independence. The task of the auditing can be performed in an unbiased and objective manner. Perceived independence: The perception of the auditors in tackling and solving the various problems concerning the audit is the perceived independence. A particular situation is perceived by the auditors in different way, which helps them in arriving at the optimal solutions. Since the perception varies across auditors, the perceived independence cannot be judged using any particular process. The consideration of the independence of the auditors by the third party form the client by looking into the arrangement is the perceived independence (Stuart 2012). Bob is performing the two task at a time in the scenario one. He is undertaking the studies at the University and is the audit assistant of the Club Casino. While auditing the accounts of Club Casino, he came across some confidential information, which he used completing his assignment by deleting all the references and doing this made him breach the fundamental principle concerning confidentiality. The confidentiality of the information needs to be maintained by the auditors while performing the process of auditing. Bob has disclosed the financial information by using the same in the assignment and thus breaching the integrity and confidentiality information (Messier 2016). Ace Limited has Wendy as its audit partner for long time. Wendy has been asked to performing the duties of company secretary for the period of six month. The section 130, requires the entity to perform the obligation in accordance with the regulations and rules and should not perform that would disregard its profession. The principle of professional competence is getting breached by the appointment of Wendy for temporary handling the duties of the company secretary. Assigning Leo to perform the task of auditing, when he is entitled to perform the internal control system of the payment of the cash is regarded as breaching the fundamental principle of integrity. It is prescribed by the audit principles, that the son, daughter, relative or an employee cannot become the audit partner of the company. Removal of Leo from the auditors position should be the remedial action. The non-payment of the audit fees by the classic reproduction to their audit firm, Chan and associates lead to former receiving threats. Payment of the fees using the furniture and offering the shares of the unlisted company would not be regarded as morally acceptable. This would lead to the breaching of the principles relating to the audit fees and acceptance of the gifts in kind is regarded as unethical (William et al., 2016). Reference: Arens, A. A. (2016).Auditing and Assurance Services: Student Value Edition. Prentice Hall. Beasley, M., Elder, R., Arens, A. (2012). Auditing and assurance services. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F., Messier, W. F. (2014).Auditing assurance services: a systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Messier Jr, W. (2016).Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Stuart, I. (2012).Auditing and assurance services: an applied approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.